Rows are phonemes in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
Columns show the typical grapheme in each of 10 major scripts. Click any cell to copy.
An em-dash (—) means the script lacks a native equivalent for that sound.
Modern standards are used throughout — historical allographs and archaic pronunciations are noted where relevant.
Consonants
| IPA |
Description |
Latin |
Arabic |
Telugu |
Devanagari |
Cyrillic |
Greek |
Hebrew |
Ethiopic |
Armenian |
Hangul |
Vowels
| IPA |
Description |
Latin |
Arabic |
Telugu |
Devanagari |
Cyrillic |
Greek |
Hebrew |
Ethiopic |
Armenian |
Hangul |
How to read this chart. Latin values reflect English orthography where consistent, and use digraphs (sh, th) where a single letter doesn't suffice. Arabic shows isolated letter forms; vowel diacritics use ـ as a placeholder. Telugu and Devanagari consonants are shown with the inherent /a/; pure consonants require a virama. Hebrew bet/kaf/pe/tav distinguish /b v/, /k x/, /p f/, /t θ/ via the dagesh diacritic (a dot inside the letter). Greek digraphs (μπ, ντ, γκ, τσ, τζ) are modern conventions for /b, d, g, tʃ, dʒ/. Ethiopic is a syllabary — shown here is the base form with inherent /ä/. Hangul jamo are isolated; real Korean writing composes them into syllable blocks. Retroflex, emphatic, and aspirated distinctions are preserved where the target script encodes them.
Statistics
Computed from the chart above. An em-dash counts as "not covered"; a grapheme (even a digraph like sh) counts as covered. w and j are treated as approximants; w is placed under the velar column.
IPA consonant grid · script coverage